原标题:语法 | 2020中考英语考点一遍过,超全考点梳理+易错点拨:动词时态
材料来源:学科网
动词是表示人或事物的动作、存在、变化的词。分析历年的中考不难发现,动词是每次考试的重点词法,动词部分主要考查学生对主动结构中各个时态的运用,一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时和现在完成时出现的概率较高。
01
动词的种类
根据其词义和其在谓语中的作用可分为实义动词、助动词和情态动词。根据其在句子中的功用可分为及物动词和不及物动词,连系动词界于两者之间。
1)实义动词:意义完全,能独立用作谓语。如:enable,watch,run,open等。
2)连系动词:是一个表示谓语关系的动词。它必须在后面接表语(通常为名词或形容词)。如:seem,look,smell,taste,sound,get,become,turn,be等。
3)助动词:本身没有词汇意义。不能单独用作谓语。在句中与实义动词一起构成各种时态、语态、语气以及否定和疑问结构。如:do,does,did等。
4)情态动词:词义不完全。在句中不能单独作谓语,只能与实义动词一起构成谓语。如:can,may,must,need,ought to等。
02
动词八大时态的用法
1、一般现在时的用法
1) 表示经常性或习惯性的动作。
如:I leave home for school at 7 every morning.我每天早上7点钟从家里去学校。
2) 表示普遍真理,客观存在,科学事实。
如:The earth moves around the sun.地球围着太阳转。
2、一般过去时的用法
1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
如:Where did you go just now?刚刚你去哪里啦?
2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。
如:When I was a child, I often played football in the street.当我是小孩时,我经常在街上踢足球。
3、现在进行时
1) 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。
如:We are waiting for you.我们正在等你。
2)表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。
如:Mr. Green is writing another novel. 梅林先生正在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)
3)短暂性动词的进行时一定表示将来的含义。
如:We are arriving at London.我们将要去伦敦 。
4、过去进行时
1)过去进行时主要表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作,常和表示过去的状语连用。
如:What were you doing at nine last night? 昨晚九点的时候,你在做什么?
2)过去进行时也可以表示过去某一段时间内正在进行的动作。
如:From 1983 to 1998 , he was teaching at Yale .从1983到1998年,他正在耶鲁大学教书。
5、一般将来时
1)表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来经常或重复发生的动作。
2)will do
表示主观意愿做某事。
如:I will see a movie this morning.今天早上我要去看一部电影。
表示客观的不以人的意志为转移的客观将来。
如:Fish will die without water.鱼儿离开了水就会死。
3) be going to +do
表示计划,安排要发生的事。
如:The play is going to be produced next month。这个电视剧下个月就会被制作出来。
6、过去将来时
立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。
如:Wang Lei said that she was going to visit her uncle next Saturday。王蕾说她下周六将要去看望她的叔叔。
7、现在完成时
1)表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
如:I have finished my homework. 我做完家庭作业了。(过去某时开始做,到现在已完成。)
2)表示:过去慢慢的开始,持续到现在的动作或状态,并且有可能继续下去。
如:I have studied English for six years. 我已经学了六年英语了。
8、过去完成时
1)以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。如:As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.当我们一到达车站时,火车已经开走了。
- 动词时态的判断
时态类型 | 时间状语 | 标 志 |
一般现在时 | Sometimes,usually,always,often, seldom, never, every day等 | 频率/真理/时间条件状语从句 |
一般过去时 | ago, yesterday, last week, in 1989 | yesterday, just now,when+从句 |
一般将来时 | tomorrow, next year | in+时间段 |
现在进行时 | now, these days | Look!Listen!与频度副词连用 |
过去进行时 | at this/ that time yesterday | when+过去进行时,while+过去进行时 |
过去将来时 | the next day/ year/ week | 常用于宾语从句中 |
现在完成时 | so far,in the past years,,since | already, yet, ever, never, before, for + 一段时间 |
过去完成时 | by yesterday/then/the end of | before/ by+过去进行时 |
03
中考考点梳理
一)、一般现在时: 表示现阶段经常或习惯发生的动作或存在的状态,或说明主语的特征。
(1)一般现在时的构成:
一般现在时主要用动词原形表示,如果主语是第三人称单数则在动词原形后加“-s”或“-es”。(附1:动词第三人称单数)
(2)一般现在时的用法:
① 表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。与一般现在时连用的时间状语:
※表示频度的副词always,often,usually,sometimes等。
※on Sundays,on Monday afternoon,every day,in the morning,every year等时间状语。
※once a year, twice a month, three times a week之类的表示频率的词组。
如:He gets up at five o’clock every day.他每天5点起床。
He often plays football. 他经常踢足球。
② ★表示客观真理、事实、人的技能或现在的状态时句子里一般不用时间状语。
如:The earth turns round the sun.地球绕着太阳转
Light travels faster than sound.光传播比声音快
③ ★表示十分确定会发生(如安排好的事情)或按照时间表进行的(将要发生的)事情,用一般现在可以表达将来,句子中可以有将来时间。
如:The train for Hankou leaves at 8:00 in the morning. 开往汉口的列车上午8点开车
★在时间状语从句中(以when, after, before, while, until, as soon as等引导)和条件状语从句中(以if, unless引导),用一般现在时代替一般将来时,句子可以有将来时间。
如:Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany.你一到德国就给我打电话
If it rains tomorrow, we will have to stay at home.如果明天下雨我们就只好呆在家
④ ★一般现在时用于倒装句中可以表示正在发生的动作,动词以come, go为主。
如:Here comes the bus. 车来了
There goes the bell.铃响了。
⑤ 一般现在时常用于体育比赛的解说或寓言故事中。
如:Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it. 现在中锋拿到了球,带球跑。
二)、一般过去时:表示过去某时发生的动作或状态,这种动作或状态可能是一次性,也可能经常发生。(过去常常做某事也可用used to do sth来表示)
① 表示过去具体时刻发生的一次性动作时,
时间状语有:at (eight) (yesterday morning),(ten minutes) ago, yesterday, last week, some years ago, in 1995, in the past, the other day, at that time, just now等。
※ when引导的时间状语从句。
如:I got up at 6:00 this morning.我今早是六点钟起床的
Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning.小Tom今早9点半打坏了玻璃。
When he went into the room, he saw a stranger talking with his father.
He came to our city in the year 2000.他2000年来到我们市
② 表示过去一个阶段中经常发生的事情时,
时间状语有:last…, in…, from…to…, for(10 years),often, usually, sometimes, always, never等。
如:Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young.杰克逊先生小时候经常去夜校。
③ 讲故事、对过去经历的回忆、双方都明白的过去事件等一般用过去时,而且经常省略时间状语。
如:I happened to meet Rose in the street.我正好在街上遇到露西
★注意:有一些容易变化错误的单词,如:prefer→ preferred, fix→ fixed, mix→ mixed
三、一般将来时:表示将来某一时刻或经常发生的动作或状态。
①一般将来时的时间状语有:tomorrow, this (afternoon),next (year),one day, soon,
someday, sometime, in the future, in+一段时间; when/ after等引导的状语从句的主句中。
如:I will call you when my mother comes back.当我妈妈回来我会打电话给你。
★②用will构成的将来时,表示动作与人的主观愿望无关。“shall”用于第一人称。“will”用于所有人称。
如:I will graduate from this school soon.我很快就会从这所学校毕业。
③表示有礼貌地询问对面是否愿意或表示客气的邀请或命令时。(不用be going to)
如:Will you please lend me your bike?你会借自行车给我吗?
④表示意愿时。(不用be going to)如:
We will help him if he asks us.如果他请我们,我们愿意帮助他。
⑤表示单纯性的将来,与人的主观愿望和判断无关时。(不用be going to)
如:The sun will rise at 6:30. 太阳将在6:30升起。
★⑥“be going to+动词原形”表示打算或准备要做的事情,或者主观判断即将要发生的事情或有某种迹象表明要发生的事。如:It’s going to rain soon.天快要下雨了
★⑦现在进行时、一般现在时也可以表示将来。(见相应时态)
⑧shall和will 在口语的一些疑问句中相当于情态动词,表示征求对方意见或请求。Shall一般与第一人称连用,will与第二人称连用。
如:Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday?我们下周六去动物园好吗?
Will you please open the door for me?替我把门打开好吗?
★⑨ “be about to+动词原形”和“be to+动词原形”结构表示按照计划即将发生的动作。
如:Tom told her that he was (about) to go abroad.Tom告诉她说他要去国外了。
四、现在进行时:现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作或是现阶段正发生而此刻不一定在进行的动作。
(1) 现在进行时由“助动词be (am is are ) +现在分词”构成。
(2)现在进行时的用法
①表示此时此刻正在进行的动作。常与now, look, listen, at the moment等连用。
——What are you doing? ——I’m reading English.
②表示现阶段正在进行的动作或持续的状态。常与these days等时间状语连用。
They are studying hard this term. 他们这学期学习一直很努力。
My father is writing a novel these days.
★(3)位移动词:go,come,leave,stay,start,begin等,常用进行时表将来。表示即将发生或安排好要做的事情。
We are leaving for London soon. 我们很快就要动身去伦敦了。
She is going there tomorrow. 她明天要去那里。
I’m coming now.我就来
★(4)表示频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩。
如:He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it a few days later.
★(5)但应注意下列这些动词一般不用于现在进行时态的句子中。
A、表示感觉的动词。如see,hear等。
B、表示喜欢或厌恶的动词。如like,love,hate等。
C、表示希望的动词。如want,would like等。
D、表示状态的动词。如be等。
E、表示归属的动词。如have等。
F、表示思维、知识或理解能力的动词。如know,think,forget等。
五、过去进行时:过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。
① 过去进行时由“was(第一、三人称单数)或were(第二人称单数和各人称的复数)+现在分词”构成。
② 过去进行时的时间状语有:then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),以及由when/while引出的时间状语从句。
如:He was cooking supper this time yesterday.昨天这样一个时间段他正在做晚饭)
The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her. 当我看见小女孩时她正在玩玩具娃娃。
③ 用于宾语从句或时间状语从句中,表示与主句动作同时进行而且是延续时间较长。句子中通常不用时间状语。
如:She saw it happen when she was walking past.她路过时看到事情的发生)
Father was watching TV while mother was cooking supper.妈妈在做晚餐而爸爸正在看电视。
★④ 也可以表示过去一个阶段频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩。
如:He was always borrowing money from me when he lived here. 他住在这里时老向我借钱
六、现在完成时:现在完成时表示一个发生在过去的、对现在仍有影响的动作,或表示开始在过去,并且一直延续到现在,甚至还可能延续下去的动作。(附2:动词不规则变化表)
①在完成时由“助动词have (has)+动词的过去分词”构成。
②表示发生在过去的对现在仍有影响的动作时,时间状语有:already, yet, just, once, twice, ever, never, three times, before等。
如:I have never seen such fine pictures before. 我以前从来就没看过这么好的画)
He has just gone to England.他刚去英国
★③表示在过去开始一直延续到现在(可能延续下去)的动作或状态时(肯定句或疑问句中动词必须用延续性动词),时间状语有:for (two years),since 1990, since (two weeks ago)和since引导的状语从句。
如:I have been away from my hometown for three years.我离开家乡有3年了 = I have been away from my hometown since three years ago.
= I have been away from my hometown since 2005.
= It is 3 years since I left my hometown.
④ 口语中have got往往表示have(有)的意思。
如:They have got thousands of books in their library.他们图书馆有上万本书
★⑤have been to与have gone to的区别:have gone to(“已经去了”)表示人不在这里,have been to(“去过…(次)”)表示人在这里。
如:--Where is Mr Li? -–He has gone to the UK.李先生在哪里?他去了英国。
I have been to Beijing three times. 我去过那里三次。
★⑥在完成时中,一个瞬间性动词(一次性动作)不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,此时须将该瞬间动词改为延续性动词或状态动词。come→be here, go→be there, die→be dead, borrow→keep, buy→have, join→be in(be a …member), leave→be away, begin to study→study等。
使用下面这个句型:
It is / has been + (多久) + since + 主语(人)+谓语(过去时)+……+过去时间状语 |
[注意] 在其它的时态中也存在类似问题,记住,关键是:瞬间动词不能和表达一段时间的状语连用。
如:How long may I keep the book?这本书我能借多久?(句子中keep取代了borrow)
七、过去完成时:过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某一动作发生之前已经完成的动作。简言之, 过去完成时所表示的时间是“过去的过去”。过去完成时在句中使用时一般必须有一个或暗含一个发生在过去的动作与其相比较,使用过去完成时的动词动作发生在该过去的动作之前。
①过去完成时由“助动词had+动词的过去分词”构成。
②过去完成时时间状语有:by (yesterday), by then, by the end of (last…)或者由when, before等引出状语从句。有时句子中会有already, just, once, ever, never等词语,也会有for… 或since…构成的时间状语。
如:They had already finished cleaning the classroom when their teacher came.
The woman had left before he realized she was a cheat.
She had left by the time I arrived. 我到达以前,她已经离开了。
He had lived in Shanghai for ten years before he came here.
I met Tom in the street yesterday. We hadn’t seen each other for 3 years.
★③过去完成时常用于宾语从句、after引导的从句,或者从句是before引导的主句中。
如:After I had put on my shoes and hat, I walked into the darkness.
He said that he had never seen a kangaroo before.
(直接引语中的过去时或现在完成时,改为间接引语时常改为过去完成时)
八、过去将来时 表示从过去某一时间看将来发生或预计将要的动作或存在的状态。
①过去将来时由“助动词should(第一人称)或would(第二、三人称)+动词原形”构成。在美国英语中,过去将来时的助动词一律用“would +动词原形”。
★②过去将来时常由于宾语从句中,时间状语有:later, soon, the next (day).
Tom told me (that) he would go swimming the next day.
③表示曾经打算或准备要做的动作,用were/was going+动词原形。
I thought it was going to rain soon. 我原以为马上就要下雨了。
They were going to start a new job when I saw them then.
④ go,come,leave,arrive,start等位移动词,其过去进行时表示过去将来时。
【例1】Too many people were absent. The chairperson warned that he the meeting if necessary.
附1:第三人称单数问题
一般现在时中,当主语是第三人称单数时,即常在动词原形后加-s或-es。
一、第三人称单数种类:
1.人称代词he, she, it是第三人称单数。如:
①He likes watching TV.他喜欢看电视。
②She has lunch at twelve.她十二点吃午餐。
③It looks like a cat.它看起来像只猫。
2.单个人名、地名或称呼作主语;用第三人称单数。如:
①Han Mei looks like her mother.韩梅看起来像她的母亲。
②Beijing is in China.北京在中国。
③Uncle Wang often makes cakes.王叔叔经常做蛋糕。
3.单数可数名词或"this / that / the+单数可数名词"作主语时,是第三人称单数。如:
①A horse is a useful animal. 马是有用的动物。
②This book is yours. 这本书是你的。
③That car is red. 那辆小汽车是红色的。
④The cat is Lucy's. 这只猫是露茜的。
4.不定代词someone, somebody, nobody, everything, something等及指示代词this, that作主语时,第三人称单数。
①Everyone is here.大家到齐了。
②There is something wrong with the watch.这块手表有毛病。
③This is a pen.这是一支钢笔。
④That is an eraser.那是一块橡皮擦。
5.不可数名词作主语时为第三人称单数。
①The milk is in the glass. 牛奶在玻璃瓶里。
②The bread is very small. 面包很小。
6.当数字或字母作主语时,看作第三人称单数。
①"6" is a lucky number. "6"是个吉利数字。
②"I" is a letter. "I"是个字母。
二、发音规律:
动词原形变第三人称单数的规则与发音规律同名词单数变复数大致相同,请认真观察。
1、大多数动词在词尾加“S”如:
①stop-stops [s] ; make-makes [s]
②read-reads [z] ; play-plays [z]
2、以辅音字母加“y”结尾的,要先将“y”变为“i”,然后在加“es”读[iz] 如:
fly-flies [z];
carry-carries [z]
study-studies [z];
worry-worries
3、以“s, x, ch, sh”结尾的,在词尾加“es”,发音为[iz] 如:
teach-teaches [iz];
watch-watches [iz]
4、以“o”结尾的动词,加“es”, 如:
go-goes [z]
do-does [z]
注:下面几个动词变为单数时,原词的元音部分的发音发生了较大的变化,请注意记忆。
如:①do [du:]-does [dʌz]
②say [sei]-says [sez]
2.以不发音字母“e”结尾的开音节词,如果尾音是[s],[z]时,加“s”后字母“e”发音,与所加“s”
一起读做[iz]。如:close-closes [iz]
现在分词的变化规则:(简记:直去双改)
①正常的情况下可在动词词尾直接加-ing.(简记:直)如:
do---doing watch---watching play---playing
②以不发音的“e”结尾,去e加-ing。(简记:去)如:
make---making write---writing dance---dancing
③以重读闭音节结尾的单词,要双写词尾的辅音字母,再加--ing.(简记:双)如:
run---running swim---swimming begin---beginning
④以ie结尾的动词,先把ie变成y,再加-ing.(简记:改)如:die---dying lie---lying
- 英语常用不规则动词
1.AAA
动词原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 | 词义 |
bet | bet | bet | betting | 赌 |
broadcast | broadcast | broadcast | ~ | 广播.播放.播送 |
burst | burst | burst | ~ | 爆炸.突然发作 |
cast | cast | cast | 抛 | |
cost | cost | cost | ~ | 花费 |
cut | cut | cut | cutting | 割,切 |
forecast | forecast/forecasted | forecast/forecasted | 预测,预报 | |
hurt | hurt | hurt | ~ | 受伤 |
hit | hit | hit | hitting | 打,撞 |
let | let | let | letting | 让 |
put | put | put | putting | 放下 |
read | read | read | ~ | 读 |
rid | rid | rid | ridding | 使摆脱.使去掉 |
saw | sawed | sawed / sawn | ~ | 锯 |
set | set | set | setting | 安排,安置 |
spread | spread | spread | ~ | 展开,传播,涂 |
spit | spat | spat | spitting | 吐痰, |
shut | shut | shut | shutting | 关上.停止营业 |
split | split | split | splitting | 分开,分担,分摊 |
spread | spread | spread | 传播,扩散,展开,散布 | |
quit | quit / quitted | quit / quitted | 放弃 |
2.AAB
动词原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 | 词义 |
beat | beat | beaten | ~ | 打败 |
3.ABA
动词原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 | 词义 |
become | became | become | becoming | 变 |
come | came | come | coming | 来 |
run | ran | run | running | 跑 |
overcome | overcame | overcome | overcoming | 克服.战胜.征服 |
4.ABB
(1)在动词原形后加一个辅音字母d, t或ed构成过去式或过去分词。
动词原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 | 词义 |
burn | burnt/burned | burnt/burned | ~ | 燃烧 |
baby-sit | baby-sat | baby-sat | 临时照顾 | |
deal | dealt | dealt | ~ | 解决.处理.分配 |
dream | reamed/dreamt | dreamed/dreamt | ~ | 做梦 |
hear | heard | heard | ~ | 听见.听说 |
hang | hanged/ hung | hanged/ hung | ~ | 绞死,悬挂 |
learn | learned/learnt | learned/learnt | ~ | 学习 |
light | lit/lighted | lit/lighted | ~ | 点燃, 照亮。lit 多用作动词,表示过去或完成。例:He lit the candle. lighted 多用于作定语。即以过去分词表被动或表状态。例:a lighted candle |
may | might | / | ~ | 可以 |
mean | meant | meant | ~ | 意思.意味.用意 |
prove | proved | proven/proved | proving | 证明, 证实,试验 |
shave | shaved | shaved | shaving | 剃(须发),(尤指)刮脸,(少量地)削减 |
shine | shone | shone | shining | 使发光 |
shined | shined | 擦亮 | ||
show | showed | showed/shown | ~ | 展示, 给...看 |
smell | smelled/smelt | smelled/smelt | ~ | 闻, 嗅 |
speed | sped | sped | ~ | 加速 |
spell | spelled/spelt | spelled/spelt | ~ | 拼写 |
sow | sowed | sown / sowed | ~ | 种植 |
wake | woke | woken | waking | 醒来,叫醒, 激发 |
(2)把动词原形的最后一个辅音字母“d”改为“t” 构成过去式或过去分词。
动词原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 | 词义 |
build | built | built | ~ | 建筑 |
bend | bent | bent | ~ | 弯曲.屈服 |
lend | lent | lent | ~ | 借给 |
rebuild | rebuilt | rebuilt | ~ | 改建, 重建 |
send | sent | sent | ~ | 送 |
spend | spent | spent | ~ | 花费 |
(3)原形→ought →ought
动词原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 | 词义 |
bring | brought | brought | ~ | 带来 |
buy | bought | bought | ~ | 买 |
fight | fought | fought | ~ | 打架.战斗 |
think | thought | thought | ~ | 思考,想 |
seek | sought | sought | ~ | 寻找.追求.搜索 |
(4)原形→aught →aught
动词原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 | 词义 |
catch | caught | caught | ~ | 捉,抓 |
teach | taught | taught | ~ | 教.教授 |
(5)变其中一个元音字母
动词原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 | 词义 |
dig | dug | dug | digging | 挖掘.钻研.搜集 |
feed | fed | fed | ~ | 喂养.饲养 |
flee | fled | fled | ~ | 逃避.逃跑.消失 |
find | found | found | ~ | 发现,找到 |
get | got | got/gotten | getting | 得到 |
hold | held | held | ~ | 拥有.握住 |
lead | led | led | ~ | 引导,领导 |
meet | met | met | ~ | 遇见 |
sit | sat | sat | sitting | 坐 |
shoot | shot | shot | ~ | 射击 |
spit | spat | spat | spitting | 吐痰, |
stick | stuck | stuck | ~ | 刺入,粘住 |
strike | struck | struck/stricken | striking | 撞击.冲击.罢工 |
swing | swung | swung | ~ | 摇摆,纵身跃向,荡向,悬吊到 |
win | won | won | winning | 赢.获胜 |
(6)原形→lt/pt/ft→lt/pt/ft
动词原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 | 词义 |
feel | felt | felt | ~ | 感到 |
keep | kept | kept | ~ | 保持 |
leave | left | left | leaving | 离开 |
sleep | slept | slept | ~ | 睡觉 |
sweep | swept | swept | ~ | 扫 |
weep | wept | wept | ~ | 哭泣.流泪.哀悼 |
(7)其它
动词原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 | 词义 |
lay | laid | laid | ~ | 下蛋, 放置 |
pay | paid | paid | ~ | 付款 |
say | said | said | ~ | 说.讲.表示 |
stand | stood | stood | ~ | 站 |
understand | understood | understood | ~ | 明白 |
misunderstand | misunderstood | misunderstood | ~ | 误解,误会 |
lose | lost | lost | losing | 失去 |
Have/has | had | had | having | 有.持有.从事 |
make | made | made | making | 制造.安排.构成 |
sell | sold | sold | ~ | 卖 |
tell | told | told | ~ | 告诉 |
retell | retold | retold | ~ | 重复.复述 |
wind | wound | wound | ~ | 缠绕.转动.迂回 |
5.ABC
(1)原形→过去式→原形+(e)n
动词原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 | 词义 |
arise | arose | arisen | arising | 出现 |
awake | awoke | awoken | awaking | 唤醒,唤起,被唤起 |
blow | blew | blown | ~ | 吹风.喘气.叫 |
drive | drove | driven | driving | 驾驶 |
draw | drew | drawn | ~ | 画画.绘制.拖拽 |
eat | ate | eaten | ~ | 吃 |
fall | fell | fallen | ~ | 落下.跌倒 |
forbid | forbade | forbidden | forbidding | 禁止.不许 |
foresee | foresaw | foreseen | ~ | 预见,预知,预料 |
forgive | forgave | forgiven | forgiving | 原谅, 饶恕 |
give | gave | given | giving | 给.提供.授予 |
grow | grew | grown | ~ | 生长.种植 |
know | knew | known | ~ | 知道 |
mistake | mistook | mistaken | mistaking | 弄错; 误解, |
overeat | overate | overeaten | ~ | (使)吃过量 |
take | took | taken | taking | 拿.获得.接受 |
throw | threw | thrown | ~ | 抛.扔.掷 |
rise | rose | risen | rising | 上升 |
ride | rode | ridden | riding | 骑.乘车 |
see | saw | seen | ~ | 看见.了解、领会 |
sew | sewed | sewn /sewed | ~ | 缝制.缝合 |
show | showed | showed/shown | ~ | 展示.出示.说明 |
shake | shook | shaken | shaking | 摇动.震动 |
spring | sprang | sprung | sprangsprung | 跳,跃,蹦,突然猛烈地移动 |
write | wrote | written | writing | 写 |
rewrite | rewrote | rewritten | writing | 重写,改写 |
(2)原形→过去式→过去式+(e)n
动词原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 | 词义 |
break | broke | broken | ~ | 打破.打碎 |
choose | chose | chosen | choosing | 选择 |
get | got | got/gotten | getting | 得到 |
hide | hid | hidden | hiding | 隐藏 |
forget | forgot | forgotten | forgetting | 忘记.忽略 |
freeze | froze | frozen | freezing | 冷冻.结冰 |
speak | spoke | spoken | ~ | 说话.谈话.演讲 |
steal | stole | stolen | ~ | 偷窃.窃取.偷盗 |
(3)变单词在重读音节中的元音字母“i”分别为“a”(过去式)和“u”(过去分词)[i→a →u]
动词原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 | 词义 |
begin | began | begun | beginning | 开始 |
drink | drank | drunk | ~ | 喝 |
sing | sang | sung | ~ | 唱 |
sink | sank | sunk | ~ | 下沉, 沉没 |
swim | swam | swum | swimming | 游泳 |
ring | rang | rung | ~ | 戒指.环围住 |
(4)其它
动词原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 | 词义 |
be(am,is,are) | was/ were | been | ~ | 是 |
can | could | / | 能 | |
bear | bore | borne | ~ | 负担, 忍受 |
dive | dived/dove | dived | diving | 猛冲,(头朝下)跳入水中 |
do | did | done | ~ | 做 |
undo | undid | undone | ~ | 解开,取消,打开,拆开 |
fly | flew | flown | ~ | 飞行 |
go | went | gone | ~ | 去 |
lie | lay | lain | lying | 躺.位于(说谎) |
must | must | / | / | 必须 |
shall | should | / | / | 将,要,会,就 |
picnic | picnicked | picnicked | picnicking | 野餐 |
wear | wore | worn | ~ | 穿 |
bite | bit | bitten | biting | 咬.刺痛 |
tear | tore | torn | ~ | 流泪.撕破.猛冲 |
注:“~”表示在动词原形后直接加ing
04
典例分类
1.【2019 •福建省】—Look! My mother ___________ a new dress for me.
—Wow, it looks very nice on you.
A. is making B. has made C. will make
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词时态现在完成时。根据答句 “it looks very nice on you” 可知这件裙子已经做好了,故本题考查现在完成时的用法,其结构为“have/has +动词过去
分词”。故选 B。
2.【2019 •安徽省】—It's ten years since we came here.
—How time flies! We ____ in China for so long.
A. work B. worked C. will work D. have worked
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词时态现在完成时。句意:-自从我们来到这里已经有10年了。-时间过得真快啊!我们在中国工作了这么长时间了。work工作,动词原形;worked工作,一般过去时;will work一般将来时;have worked现在完成时。根据对话的情景以及句中的时间状语for so long可知,这里表示从过去一直持续到现在的一个动作,应用现在完成时,故选D。
3.【2019 •山东省滨州市】— I called you last night, but nobody answered. Where were you then?
— Oh, I ____________ my pet dog in my yard.
A. walked B. was walking C. am walking D. will walk
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词时态过去进行时。句意:——我昨晚给你打电话了,但是没有人接。那时你在哪里?——哦,我在院子里遛我的宠物狗。考查动词时态辨析。根据句意语境可知,昨晚你打电话时我正在遛狗,需用过去进行时“was/were doing”结构,故选B。
4.【2019 •湖南省郴州市】—Where is Mr. Green?
—He _________the bookshop You have to wait for him.
A. was going to B. has gone to C. has been to
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词时态现在完成时。句意:——Mr. Green在哪里?——他去了书店。你必须等他。A. was going to 打算去……,过去将来时;B. has gone to去了,可能在途中,可能已经到了;C. has been to去过某地。根据下文You have to wait for him.可知上文是去了书店。根据题意,故选B。
5.【2019 •江苏省淮安】—What is your mother doing, Linda?
—She ___________dinner in the kitchen now.
A. is cooking B. was cooking C. cook D. cooking
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词时态现在进行时。句意:——Linda,你的母亲正在做什么?——她现在正在厨房里做晚饭。A. is cooking 正在做,现在进行时;B. was cooking正在做,过去进行时;C. cook做,一般现在时态;D. cooking做,现在分词。根据上文What is your mother doing, Linda?可知下文用现在进行时。其结构是be doing的形式。主语是单数,be动词用is。根据题意,故选A。
6.【2019 •江苏省淮安】—Where are the teachers now?
—In the meeting room. They _________ the meeting for 10 minutes.
A. have begun B. have been on C. have had D. have been held
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词时态现在完成时。句意:——老师们现在在哪里?——在会议室。他们已经开会10分钟了。A. have begun慢慢的开始;短暂性动词;B. have been on慢慢的开始,持续性;C. have had已经有;D. have been held已经被举行。这里是主动语态,排除D;根据for 10 minutes.可知动词用持续性动词,begin变成be on。这里是完成时其结构是have been on。根据题意,故选B。
7.【2019 •湖北省黄冈市】—Where is Catherine? I haven't seen her for days.
—SheWuhan. She’ll be back next week.
A. has gone to B. has been to C. have gone to D. have been to
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词时态现在进行时。句意:——凯瑟琳在哪里?我好几天没见到她了。——她去了武汉。她下星期回来。have/has gone to表示“(某人)现在到某地去了”(现在不在这儿了)。have/has been to表示“(某人)曾经去过某地”,(人现在已经回来了)。根据She’ll be back next week. 她下星期回来。说明凯瑟琳去了武汉,现在还没有回来。因此选择have/has gone to,排除B/D;又因为主语是She,为单数,所以助动词用has,故选A。
8.【2019 •江西省】—Hurry up!
—One moment. I ______ my e-mail and then I’m ready to go.
A. read B. am reading C. was reading D. have read
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词时态现在进行时。句意:——快点!——马上,我在读电子邮件,我准备走了。根据read一般现在时态的结构,am reading现在进行时态的结构,was reading过去进行时态的结构, have read现在完成时态的结构;根据One moment.和 then I’m ready to go.可知是我正在读,现在进行时态;故选B。
9.【2019 •江西省】—I’ve never seen Mr. Taylor before.
—Don’t worry. I ______ him to you before the meeting.
A. will introduce
B. introduced
C. have introduced
D. had introduced
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词时态一般将来时。句意:——以前我从来没见过Taylor先生。——不要担心,开会前我会把他介绍给你的。根据will introduce一般将来时态的结构,introduced一般过去时态的结构,have introduced现在完成时态的结构,had introduced过去完成时态的结构;根据Don’t worry.和 before the meeting.可知是将来时态;故选A。
10.【2019 •甘肃省兰州市】In the near future, there ____ self-driving cars in our city.
A. is B. was C. are D. will be
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词时态一般将来时。句意:在不久的将来,我们城市将有无人驾驶汽车。选项A、C为一般现在时;B为一般过去时;D为一般将来时。根据In the near future可知,本题考查there be结构的一般将来时。该结构有两种表达:there is going to be或there will be。分析选项可知,D正确。
11.【2019 •甘肃省兰州市】Peter with his classmates ____ for the bus when the earthquake happened.
A. is waiting B. was waiting C. are waiting D. were waiting
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词时态过去进行时。句意:地震发生时,彼得和同学正在等公共汽车。选项A/C是现在进行时;选项B/D是过去进行时。根据when the earthquake happened. 地震发生时。彼得和同学正在等公共汽车。这一动作正在发生,因此句子Peter with his classmates ____ for the bus应该用过去进行时,排除A、C;又因为Peter with his classmates中的with表示伴随,因此本题的主语是Peter,为单数,所以be动词用was。故选B。
12.【2019 •乐山】—You’d better take an umbrella. The weather report says it in the afternoon.
—Thank you. I will put one in my bag.
A. will rain B. rains C. is raining
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词时态一般将来时。句意:——你最好带一把伞,天气预报说下午将会下雨。——谢谢,我将放一把到我的包里”。A.一般将来时;B.一般现在时;C.现在进行时。根据句意可知,天气预报说今天下午会下雨,表示将来会下雨,用一般将来时,故选A。
13.【2019 •乐山】—I went to see you yesterday evening. But you weren’t in. Where were you then?
—I a walk by the lake with my father.
A. was having B. am having C. have had
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词时态过去进行时。句意:——我昨天晚上去看你,但是你不在,你那时在哪里?——我正在和我的父亲在河边散步”。A.过去进行时;B.现在进行时;C.现在完成时。根据句意可知,昨天你去看我的时候,我正在和我的父亲散步,且根据yesterday evening可知,用过去进行时,故选A。
14.【2019 •临沂市】—I'm getting hungry. Do you know where we can get some good food?
—Of course! There ____________ a restaurant around the comer.
A. will be B. was C. is
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词时态一般现在时。句意:——我饿了。你知道在哪能买到好食物吗?——当然!拐角处有一家餐馆。A选项是一般将来时的there be句型,B选项是一般过去时的there be句型,C选项是一般现在时的there be句型;根据句意这里是一般现在时,故选C。
15.【2019 •临沂市】Melting ice (融冰) can cause sea levels to rise. Since 1993, sea levels _________at a speed of 3.2 cm every 10 years.
A. rose B. have risen C. rise
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词时态现在进行时。句意:融冰会导致海平面上升,自1993年以来,海平面以每10年3.2厘米的速度上升。根据句子中的since自从,可知动作发生在过去,一直持续到现在,并有可能一直持续下去,符合现在完成时的定义,完成时结构:主语+ have/has +过去分词,故选B。
05
易混易错点拨
1.【2019 •四川省南充市】—Daddy, when will we go out to fly a kite?
—As soon as the rain ________.
A. is stopping B. stopped C. will stop D. stops
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词时态一般现在时。句意:——Daddy,我们何时出去放风筝?——雨一停。A. is stopping正在停,现在进行时;B. stopped停止,一般过去时;C. will stop将停,一般将来时。D. stops停止,一般现在时,第三人称单数。这里是as soon as引导的时间状语从句,遵循主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时态,主语是the rain,第三人称单数,谓语动词变第三人称单数。这里的意思是说雨一停,我们就去。As soon as 引导的时间状语从句时态要遵循:主将从现。本题主句省略,从句主语是the rain,所以用rains。故选D。
2.【2019 •江苏省苏州市】Amon ____________ his ship in a big storm when a giant fish came out of the sea.
A. will sail B. is sailing C. was sailing D. has sailed
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词时态过去进行时。句意:阿蒙驾船在暴风雨中航行时,一条大鱼从海里游了出来。考查动词时态辨析。本句是when引导的时间状语从句,时态遵循主过从过;根据when a giant fish came out of the sea.可知遇到大雨时阿蒙正在航行,主句需用过去进行时,故选C。
3.【2019 •湖北省随州市】—Your new bike is so nice! When did you buy it?
—In July. I _____it for two weeks.
A. had B. have had C. have bought D. bought
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词时态现在完成时。根据for+一段时间,可知用现在完成时,动词用持续性动词,排除AD;buy是短暂性动词这里变成have。这里用完成时have done的形式。根据题意,故选B
4.【2019 •泰州市】—Have you ever been to Shanghai?
—Of course. Actually, I _________there for six years but now I live in Taizhou.
A. worked B. was working C. would work D. have worked
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词时态一般过去时。句意:——你去过上海吗?——当然。实际上,我在那里工作了六年,但现在我住在台州。A为一般过去时;B为过去进行时;C为过去将来时;D为现在完成时。根据Actually, I _________there for six years but now I live in Taizhou. 实际上,我在那里工作了六年,但现在我住在台州。可知,我是六年前在上海工作的,因此应该用一般过去时,故选A。
5.【2019 •温州市】—Linda, Dad has finished his work and we ___________ to the gym to pick you up.
—Thank you, Mum.
A. drive B. drove C. have driven D. are driving
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词时态现在进行时。句意:——Linda,爸爸下班了,我们就要开车去健身房接你。——谢谢你们,妈妈。考查现在进行时。A. drive驾驶、开车,动词原形;B. drove过去式;C. have driven现在完成时;D. are driving现在进行时。根据Linda, Dad has finished his work and we _____ to the gym to pick you up. 可知,前半句用的是现在完成时,表示动作发生在过去,对现在造成的影响,即爸爸的工作已完成,那么现在的话就是要开车去接你,所以这里应该是“就要开车去接你”;drive可以用现在进行时形式表示将来。故答案选D。
6.【2019 •湖北省武汉市】She’s brought you some eggs. As you know, she ______chickens.
A. keeps B. will keep C. has kept D. kept
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词时态一般现在时。句意:她给你带了些鸡蛋。你知道,她养鸡。考查一般现在时。A. keeps一般现在时;B. will keep一般将来时;C. has kept现在完成时;D. kept一般过去时。表达事实或真理,要使用一般现在时,结合句意可知填keeps;选A。
7.【2019 •湖北省武汉市】I ate some fruit, which I ______ since I was a child, and the vegetables from my garden.
A. have enjoyed B. enjoyed C. enjoy D. had enjoyed
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词时态现在完成时。句意:我吃了一些我从小就喜欢的水果,还有我的院子里的蔬菜。A.现在完成时;B.一般过去时;C.一般现在时;D.过去完成时。根据since I was a child可知,用现在完成时,故选A。
8.【2019 •湖北省武汉市】He_____ his English teacher when he was sightseeing in Paris.
A. has met B. had met C. met D. would meet
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词时态一般过去时。句意:他在巴黎观光时遇到了他的英语老师。考查句子时态。A. has met现在完成时;B. had met过去完成时;C. met一般过去时;D. would meet过去将来时。When引导的时间状语从句,从句可以表示一段时间或时间点,从句时态可以是一般过去时或过去进行时;主句时态要使用一般过去时或过去进行时。结合句意和选项可知填met;选C。
9.【2019 •江苏省宿迁市】Students in Grade Nine ____________a maths exam at this time yesterday.
A. take B. are taking C. were taking D. have taken
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词时态过去进行时。句意:昨天这样一个时间段九年级的学生正在参加数学考试。at this time yesterday昨天这样一个时间段,用于过去进行时“was/were + doing”结构;根据句意结构和语境,可知选C。
10.【2019 •重庆市B卷】Listen! The birds ______ in the trees outside our school.
A. sing B. are singing C. sang D. were singing
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词时态现在进行时。句意:听!鸟儿正在我们学校外面的树上唱歌。A. sing一般现在时;B. are singing现在进行时;C. sang一般过去时;D. were singing过去进行时。Listen是现在进行时态的标志词,故答案为B。
11.【2019 •重庆市A卷】Next week, each student in the class ____ a small gift from their teachers.
A. receives B. received C. will receive D. has received
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词时态一般将来时。由时间状语“ Next week”这个时间状语短语可推知,此处要用一般将来时。这类题目要格外的注意这些时间标志词就好做了。故答案选B。
12.【2019 •河北】It_________. Please take an umbrella with you, Annie.
A. rains B. is raining C. rained D. was raining
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词时态现在进行时。由“Please take an umbrella with you”可知现在正在下雨,选现在进行时,故选B。这类题目要格外的注意句中暗含的时间状语。很多人会错选A。
13.【2019 •河北】He_________ me his name, but I can’t remember it now.
A. tells B. will tell C. told D. is telling
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词时态一般过去时。由句意可知“他告诉过我他的名字,但我现在不记得了”,告诉应是过去的动作,所以选过去时C。
14.【2019 •河北】Sorry, I didn’t see you, because I_________ a picture.
A. draw B. drew C. was drawing D. have drawn
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词时态过去进行时。结合语境翻译为“不好意思我刚刚没看到你,我正在画画”,由语境和didn't可知,画画动作为过去正在进行的,所以选过去进行时C。
15.【2019 •北京】Sam _________ with his friends every weekend.
A. skates B. is skating C. has skated D. was skating
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词时态一般现在时。句意:Sam每个周末和他的朋友们去滑冰。skates滑冰,动词的第三人称单数形式;is skating现在进行时;has skated现在完成时;was skating过去进行时。根据句意和句中every weekend可知,这里表达经常性的动作,应用一般现在时,主语Sam是第三人称单数,故应选A。
16.【2019 •北京】—Tom, what’s your dad doing?
—He _________ my bike.
A. repairs B. will repair C. has repaired D. is repairing
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词时态现在进行时。句意:——Tom,你的爸爸在做什么?——他正在修理我的自行车。repairs修理,第三人称单数形式;will repair一般将来时;has repaired现在完成时;is repairing现在进行时。根据问题what’s your dad doing使用的是现在进行时,答语中也应用现在进行时,故应选D。
17.【2019 •北京】If you want to visit the Palace Museum, I _________ tickets for you tomorrow.
A. will book B. booked C. have booked D. was booking
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词时态一般将来时。句意:如果你想要参观故宫博物院,我明天将会给你订票。will book一般将来时;booked一般过去时;have booked现在完成时;was booking过去进行时。句中If引导的是条件状语从句,从句中使用一般现在时,主句应用一般将来时,故应选A。
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